Wildfire Smoke Pollution Associated with Increased Lung, Colorectal, Breast, Bladder and Hematopoietic Cancer Rates
An interview with:
Shuguang Leng MBBS PhD, Associate Professor, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque USA
SAN DIEGO, USA—Air pollution from the rising numbers of wildfires in the USA was found to be associated with increasing risk for several common cancers. That’s according to a study that tracked wildfires and the air pollutants they generated over three decades in a group of 91,460 Americans.
The research was reported at the American Association for Cancer Research 2026 Annual Meeting by senior author Shuguang Leng MBBS PhD who is an epidemiologist and Associate Professor at the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center in Albuquerque, USA. After reporting his group’s data to the conference he discussed the findings with Audio Journal of Oncology correspondent, Peter Goodwin:
AUDIO JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY: Shuguang Leng MBBS PhD
IN: [GOODWIN]”I am at the American Assocation ………
OUT: ……Oncology, I’m Peter Goodwin. 10:30sec
ABSTRACT TITLE:
Wildfire smoke and cancer risk in the United States: Evidence from the PLCO Trial
AUTHORS:
Qizhen Wu1, Lisa Sinclair2, Vernon S. Pankratz1, Qing Lan3, Nathaniel Rothman3, Rena Jones3, Su Zhang2, Shuguang Leng1
INSTITUTIONS:
1Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,
2Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,
3Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
Background:
Wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe, reversing decades of progress in reducing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the United States. Although wildfire smoke (WFS) contains numerous carcinogens and toxicants, its association with cancer incidence remains unclear.
Methods:
We examined associations between WFS exposure and cancer incidence in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. The PLCO trial prospectively assessed cancer incidence from enrollment (1993-2001) through 2018. WFS exposure was quantified monthly at participants’ residences using near-ground WFS PM2.5, WFS black carbon (BC), and satellite-derived WFS plume-day counts from 2006 until first cancer diagnosis or last contact. Guided by evidence that three years of air- pollution exposure can influence the development of EGFR-positive lung adenocarcinoma, WFS exposure was modeled as a time-varying variable using 36-month moving averages preceding each month. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by study center, with proportional hazards assumptions verified. Restricted cubic splines were applied to evaluate dose-response relationships. Covariates included age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, smoking history, body mass index, and trial arm.
Results:
Among 91,460 PLCO participants with linked WFS exposure data, we identified incident cases of 1,758 lung, 800 colorectal, 1,739 breast, 242 ovarian, 896 bladder, and 1,696 hematopoietic cancers, and 1,127 melanoma during 2006-2018. Median (range) 36-month moving-averages were 0.37 (0.0083-1.72) μg/m3 for WFS PM2.5, 0.0083 (0.00- 0.21) μg/m3 for WFS BC, and 1.94 (0.097-7.18) days for monthly WFS plume-day counts. Restricted cubic splines indicated statistically significant associations (P<0.05) of WFS exposure with increased risks of lung, colorectal, breast, bladder, and hematopoietic cancers, with an approximate linear dose-response observed for most analyses. Moreover, each 1 μg/m3 increase in the 36-month moving-average of WFS PM2.5 was associated with higher risks of lung (HR=1.92; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.15), colorectal (2.31; 1.11, 4.81), breast (2.09; 1.34, 3.26), bladder (3.49; 1.66, 7.34), and hematopoietic (1.63; 1.02, 2.60) cancers. No associations were found for ovarian cancer or melanoma. Results for WFS plume-day counts were generally consistent with those for WFS PM2.5, whereas associations for WFS BC exposure were observed only for breast and bladder cancers.
Conclusion:
WFS exposure was associated with the risk of lung, colorectal, breast, bladder, and hematopoietic cancers. Findings need to be replicated in additional cohorts.
PRESS RELEASE:
Exposure to Wildfire Smoke May Be Linked To Increased Risk of Developing Several Cancers
SAN DIEGO – Exposure to wildfire smoke was associated with a significantly increased risk of lung, colorectal, breast, bladder, and blood cancer, according to results from a study presented at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting 2026, held April 17-22.
Although it’s known that wildfire smoke (WFS) contains a wide array of toxins, including carcinogens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the whole-body impacts of WFS in real-world settings remain unclear, especially when it comes to cancer incidence, according to Qizhen Wu, PhD, the presentation’s first author and a postdoctoral fellow at The University of New Mexico (UNM) Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Wu explained that the toxic compounds in WFS have the potential to disrupt a variety of biological systems—not just in the lungs, the site of initial exposure, but in the blood as well, which can then spread carcinogens throughout the body. He also noted that smoke exposure is, itself, an inflammatory event with systemic implications for carcinogenesis.
“Wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe in the United States and globally, and WFS has emerged as a major source of ambient air pollution, reversing decades of improvement achieved under the Clean Air Act,” said Shuguang Leng, MBBS, PhD, associate professor at the UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center and the study’s senior author. “The main purpose of our study was to examine whether long-term exposure to WFS was associated with the risk of developing cancer in the general population.”
Wu, Leng, and colleagues analyzed cancer incidence data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, which tracks the cancer incidence of participants: adults from across the United States with no history of prostate, lung, colorectal, or ovarian cancers who enrolled between 1993 and 2001.
To quantify participants’ exposure to WFS, the researchers assessed the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon from ground-level air pollution data sourced from participants’ residential areas. The team used satellite images from 2006 onward to match PM2.5 and black carbon data with WFS exposure events, and they also used the satellite images to calculate the number of days that participants’ areas of residence were exposed to WFS plumes, defined as plume-day counts. The analysis accounted for wildfire smoke exposure monthly until a participant’s first cancer diagnosis or their last contact with the study.
Within the PLCO trial, 91,460 participants were evaluable for WFS exposure. From 2006 to 2018, the researchers calculated 36-month moving averages updated monthly for each participant’s exposure to WFS as defined by micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) for PM2.5 and black carbon and days of exposure for WFS plume-day counts. The median of those moving averages was 0.37 μg/m3 for WFS PM2.5, 0.0083 μg/m3 for WFS black carbon, and 1.94 days for monthly WFS plume-day counts.
During the same time period, Wu, Leng, and colleagues identified 1,758 lung cancer cases; 800 colorectal cancer cases; 1,739 breast cancer cases; 242 ovarian cancer cases; 896 bladder cancer cases; 1,696 blood cancer cases; and 1,127 melanoma cases.
Using a statistical analysis method that allows scientists to examine nonlinear risk associations, the researchers confirmed that WFS exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing lung, colorectal, breast, bladder, and blood cancer. There was no evidence of deviation from a linear dose-response relationship. Associations with ovarian cancer and melanoma were not significant. The team also found that the risk of developing these cancers increased with every additional 1 μg/m3 in the 36-month moving average of WFS PM2.5. Every 1 μg/m3 increase in WFS PM2.5 exposure was associated with significantly greater likelihoods of developing cancer: 92% greater risk of lung cancer; 131% greater risk of colorectal cancer; 109% greater risk of breast cancer; a 249% greater risk of bladder cancer; and a 63% greater risk of blood cancers.
The associations between increased exposure levels and risk for various cancers were similar for WFS plume-day counts. However, the associations between increased WFS black carbon exposure and risk of cancer development were only significant for breast and bladder cancer.
“For the general public, the key message is that wildfire smoke is not only a short-term respiratory or cardiovascular concern—chronic exposure may also carry long-term cancer risks,” said Wu. “Notably, increased cancer risk may occur even at relatively low levels of wildfire smoke PM2.5 commonly experienced by general populations.”
Wu noted that further investigation was warranted for specific aspects of WFS, including its origin and its contents, which could have different implications for cancer risk across the continent depending on which geographic populations were exposed to which WFS sources. Wildfires from different regions may contain different compounds from burning in varying proportions, and the chemical transformations that occur in smoke as it drifts may also impact biological effects, he said.
“As wildfires continue to increase in frequency and intensity, understanding their long-term health impacts is becoming increasingly important,” said Leng. “While more research is needed, we hope these findings will help raise awareness and support future studies on the long-term health effects of wildfire smoke.”
Limitations of this study include that data from satellite images are only available from 2006, which precluded analysis of wildfire smoke’s role in cancer initiation due to the sometimes yearslong delay between cancer initiation and cancer diagnosis. Additionally, the location-based analysis assumed that participants were located within their residential areas during every measured period of exposure and did not account for time spent indoors versus outdoors.
This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Wu and Leng declare no conflicts of interest.
AACR 2006: San Diego
Session Type: Poster Session
Session Title: Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors, Infection, and Aging
Presentation 6252
May 15, 2026: Shuguang Leng MBBS PhD, 2026 AACR, Audio Journal of Oncology TEXT
